This paper is mainly intended to explore the two practices of interpreting and translating so as to spot any possible differences between them. It should be noted, however, that the focal point of the present study is interpreting and consecutive interpreting in particular which seems to create a good many problems for novice interpreters as well as interpreting trainees. To achieve the objective, 46 M.A. students of translation participated in three different tests administered in the form of TOEFL, interview, and interpreting. These tests were meant to exhibit the participants’ language proficiency, their performance as interpreters, and above all the types of problems awaiting each one of them while interpreting. The results indicated that the top three main problem areas for interpreters as arranged hierarchically according to the range of frequency are the choice of lexicon, syntax and semantics respectively. It was also observed that syntactic and semantic problems arose from inappropriate choice of lexicon in seven areas of noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and pronoun on the basis of the frequency of their occurrence.

Given the cognitive demands of consecutive interpreting and the psychological pressures faced by novice interpreters, the present quantitative study aims to identify the most frequently occurring disfluencies in the output of English-Persian interpreter trainees and to explore how interpreting anxiety influences different types of disfluencies. A total of 23 translation trainee students were selected based on convenience sampling. Data were gathered through the Interpreting Classroom Anxiety Scale and a CI exam. After classifying the disfluencies =, it was revealed that hesitation, silent pauses, and prolongation are the predominant disfluency features. These types of disfluencies indicate cognitive overload and failures in language planning. Statistical analyses showed a significant correlation between high levels of anxiety and an increased frequency of these disfluencies; however, no meaningful relationship was found between interpreting anxiety and disfluency in general. This suggests that anxiety adversely affects fluency and overall interpreting performance. This study highlights the critical role of psychological factors, particularly anxiety, in interpreter performance and training. The findings call for the inclusion of anxiety-reduction techniques in interpreter education and suggest future research on experience-based disfluency patterns and Persian-specific disfluency classification.

This study reports on an extended learner needs analysis carried out at different stages of course progress in the undergraduate course of Consecutive Interpreting. The participants were 32 undergraduate translation students. Two questionnaires were used to identify the initial-and final-stage lacks and wants, and learners’ reflective diaries served as a tool to gain ongoing insight into their lacks. At each stage, after the identification of lacks and/or wants, the required adaptations were decided on and implemented, and their effect was traced on learners’ views. The ongoing lacks were mainly related to L2 listening comprehension and note-taking from L2. The final stage investigation of the lacks revealed that although the majority of the learners reported progress in note-taking, listening comprehension, and consecutive interpreting, almost half of them did not feel confident to be active members in class. Moreover, the investigation of wants revealed that a high percentage of the learners believed the class materials and activities were effective regarding their progress. However, activities in which interaction and cooperation were essential were least preferred. This together with the final-stage investigation of lacks revealed that the course curriculum needed to work more toward creating a non-threatening atmosphere for interaction. Although the study was conducted in a specific setting, it bears implications for different settings since it is a practical example of how an extended needs analysis could be done. Besides, the nature of the problems the learners reported and the measures taken to address them could be very similar in other contexts.

This paper explores the phenomenon of bilinguality and discusses its various modes and dimensions in relation to communication and to the practice of interpreting. Dimensions proposed by different researchers in the field as well as the three types of bilingualism as discussed by Weinreich (1953) are thoroughly reviewed. The paper concludes making five recommendations in connection with training interpreters and the degree of bilinguality of would-be interpreter trainees.

Purpose: To investigate demographic, clinical and histopathologic features of consecutive exotropia.Methods: Patients with consecutive exotropia who underwent surgery in Farabi hospital between September 2014 and April 2015 were enrolled in this study. After complete ophthalmologic examination and far and near deviation measurement, all patients with negative forced duction test underwent 4-mm medial rectus resection and advancement. Intraoperative absence of muscle fiber visualization according to surgeon’s opinion was documented and compared with histopathology results. The histopathologic results were compared between 30 cases of consecutive exotropia and 11 cases who underwent 4-mm resection of the medial rectus muscle with no previous surgery on the medial rectus muscle (controls). A dose-response relationship was calculated for medial rectus resection and advancement in consecutive exotropic patients.Results: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with consecutive exotropia were evaluated. Muscle fibers were not observed intraoperatively in 40% of eyes. No correlation was found between surgical success and the absence of muscle fiber visualization at insertion. Dose-response was approximately 4.4 prism diopter per millimeter of resection and advancement of the medial rectus muscle.Conclusion: Intraoperative absence of muscle fiber visualization was an important cause of consecutive exotropia that could be due to stretched scar and muscle slippage. This could be documented by histopathology using Masson trichrome staining. The dose-response relationship calculated in consecutive exotropic patients in the present study can help us better manage these patients. Medial rectus underaction may be a risk factor for absence of muscle fiber visualization at insertion. The outcome of surgery can be predicted based on the intraoperative visualization of muscle fiber at insertion.

On discussing translating, a number of issues come to be taken for granted, as a result of which despite their importance they may never be discussed, and thus remain ambiguous. Some of these issues are theory-based and some others, disregarding theoretical dimensions, merely deal with practical aspects.There is a strong possibiliy that dealing with this aspect of the practice, can pave the way for solving the problems regarding translating through practice and take a positive measure with respect to teaching translating.Directionality seems to be one of these issues which is almost never probed into.It is the objective of this paper to investigate linguality in translation, so as to put forth a discussion in relation to determining the objectives of teaching translating.

Purpose: To determine the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of medial rectus (MR) advancement with or without lateral rectus (LR) recession in patients with consecutive exotropia. Methods: This interventional case series was performed on patients with consecutive exotropia of more than 15 prism diopters (PD) at least 6 months after the esotropia surgery. All patients were operated using either unilateral or bilateral MR muscle advancement with or without simultaneous LR recession. Ocular deviation at far and near distances, adduction limitation, and exoshift were investigated at the follow‑, ups of 1 week, as well as 1, 3, and 6 months after the surgery. Operation was considered successful when the postoperative far deviation was <10 PD. Results: Thirty patients were evaluated. The mean amount of MR advancement was 5. 69 ±,1. 33 mm with the mean dose response of 4. 7 ±,3. 3 and 4. 55 ±,4. 01 PD at 3 and 6‑, month follow‑, ups, respectively. Success rate was reduced from 93% at week 1 to 73% at month 6 due to postoperative exodrift, especially during the first 3 months. Preoperative exotropia was the only contributing factor in our study. Conclusions: MR advancement was an effective surgical method for consecutive exotropia correction, especially in cases with MR underaction. Bilateral MR advancement and/or LR recession are suggested in cases with higher preoperative exodeviation. The presence of postoperative exodrift indicates longer follow‑, ups for patients.